for 2014:

Do

• Che A- (run mutant)
• Che B- (tumble)
• tar-
• ser-

ID (2013)	RP__	Genotype	Run	Tumble	24 hr swarm	comments
RP437	437	WT	yes	yes	outer 72mm, inner 62mm	sensitive to both
A	1237	cheR- cheB-		yes	10 mm	adaptation deficient if motile at all (see below)
B (A)	2361	tar-	yes	yes	outer 67mm, inner 58 mm	aspartate blind, tumble a lot
C*	4130	cheB-		yes	9mm	esterase deficient (like 1273)
D (B)	5700	tsr -	yes	yes	24mm	serine blind
E (C)	8611	tsr- tar- tap- trg-	yes		8 mm	unable to stimulate kinase
F (D)	9353	cheA-	yes	no	7 mm	no response. kinase inactive

*C grows poorly. Start it early, spin down and resuspend to get numbers up.

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Odd # groups: WT, A, D, E

Even # groups: WT, B, C, F

Genes
Receptors

• Tar: aspartate receptor

• Tsr: serine receptor

• Trg: ribose/galactose receptor (minor)

• Tap: peptide receptor (minor)

• Aer: aerotaxis receptor (minor)

other pathway components

• CheA: receptor regulated kinase that phosphorylates CheY and CheB. Stimulates activity by forming the receptor--A complex, inhibits activity when attractants bind to receptor-W-A complex.

• CheW: adaptor protein required to form CheA-receptor complex

• CheB: Receptor methylesterase. When phosphorylated, removes methyl groups from receptor.

• CheR: Methyltransferase. Methylates receptors, which stimulates kinase activity. Receptor methylation rate increases when attractants bind.

• CheY: Response regulator. When phosphorylated, binds to the motor, and promotes CW rotation (increases tumble frequency)

• CheZ: phosphatase. Inactivates CheY-P.

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RP1237
Receptors have four major site of methylation on 4 specific glutamic acids side chains in the cytoplasmic domain portion of the receptor.

For the sake of simplicity lets call them EEEE for glutamic acids (single letter abbreviation E) at sites 1,2,3 & 4.

The students have correctly determined that the EEEE receptor cannot stimulate the kinase (no tumbles), which is the phenotype of the CheR- mutant (the receptor cannot be methylated).

Also, the CheB- mutant is likely to be EmEmEmEm (where Em indicates methyl glutamate), so it is continuously kinase-active (tumbling all the time).

So why does CheR-CheB- tumble?

When receptors are synthesized on the ribosome, two of the four sites are actually glutamine (Q). Thus, the covalent modification state is QEQE in newly-synthesized receptors (primarily the aspartate and serine receptors). In addition to its demethylating activity (Em --> E), CheB can also convert Q --> E. But, without CheB or CheR (CheR-CheB-) the receptors remain QEQE.

It turns out that Q is more like Em than E. So QEQE receptors stimulate enough kinase activity to make them tumble in absence of an attractant stimulus.

When enough attractant is added (aspartate or serine), the cells become smooth swimming (the kinase is inhibited), yet without the adaptation enzyme (CheR & CheB), the cells should stay stimulated until the attractant is removed.

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Movies

A: WT
B: run
C: tumble
D: WT
E: run
F: tumble

Cultures for swarm plates

Two days before lab:

Note: C (4130) grows poorly. Start it sooner, in a round bottomed centrifuge tube. Spin down and resuspend so there will be enough cells to inoculate the swarm plate.

Start overnight culture (pick one colony from each Chemotaxis strains , inoculate into ~3 mL Minimal medium + HMLTT.)

Shake at 30C

Day before lab:

First thing in the morning

Check cultures and dilute as necessary. The goal is to have dense cultures by 4 pm.

Late afternoon

• Inoculate 52 swarm plates at 4 pm. Incubate at RT. (Students come in at 9 am, take measurements, put plates in 30C incubator, then come back at lab time.)

  • 13 cultures with WT

  • 7 of each of the 6 different Chemotaxis strains.

• Start 3 mL overnight cultures of all 7 strains in Minimal medium + HMLTT. Shake at 30C

• OR use the same cultures to stab swarm plates as to make usable cultures for motility studies the next day.

Day of lab:

First thing:
Inoculate ~100 µL of each strain into ~25 mL medium (~200 into 50 for wildtype)

During morning and lab:
Check cell concentration, diluting as needed. Do not let cells get to stationary phase!